In Hinduism, karma is deeply intertwined with the concepts of dharma (righteous duty) and samsara (the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth). The principle of karma is tied to the soul’s journey through multiple lifetimes. Good actions, aligned with one’s dharma, generate positive karma (punya), leading to a more favorable reincarnation or spiritual progress toward moksha, the liberation from the cycle of samsara. Conversely, bad actions generate negative karma (papa), which could lead to suffering in this life or the next.
Buddhism similarly views karma as the moral causality governing the cycle of rebirths. However, unlike Hinduism, which often views karma as a divine law, Buddhism emphasizes karma as a natural law of the universe, devoid of any divine judgment. In Buddhism, the understanding of karma is connected with the intention behind actions, where mindfulness and ethical conduct play key roles. By acting with positive intentions and avoiding harmful actions, individuals accumulate good karma, which can eventually lead to Nirvana—the ultimate liberation from suffering and samsara.This ethical dimension makes karma a self-regulating principle, where moral justice is inherent in the structure of the universe. Unlike in some theistic religions, where divine beings may administer justice, karma operates automatically and impersonally. The law of karma asserts that people cannot escape the consequences of their actions, nor can they rely on outside forces to absolve them of their wrongdoings. This internalization of moral accountability can motivate individuals to cultivate virtues such as kindness, honesty, and nonviolence.